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Wood vs. concrete: how much time and labor does it take to build pure wood structure and concrete structure respectively?

Using modern tools and methods - a construction team of 3 or 4 people usually spends 3 or 4 weeks in completing the foundation and structural parts of a typical wood structure. It usually takes 40 workers and 5 months to build the same villa with concrete structure. This point becomes more and more important, because the costs of construction capital and labor are rising.

Construction cost: please compare the costs of building wood structure villa and concrete villa in Guangdong?

The cost of concrete construction in China has been very clear for a long time, which is determined by the local materials and the technical level of workers.
This cost is quite fixed. Because of its excellent flexibility in design, the cost of modern wood structure is variable. Wood structure can be designed and changed according to the weather, environment and personal considerations to make the building performance more superior.
A simple wood structure building can be cheaper than a similar concrete building, but special design need will increase the construction cost. It should be noted that the designers / developers or customers of wood structures have the flexibility to design according to their own preference and budgets, which is not feasible for concrete structures.
The other two factors also affect the cost at present, and cause the cost to increase by 20-30%. This is due to the lack of experience in the design and construction of wood structures under current market conditions, and the supply of materials. Along with increase of demand, designers and workers gain more experience, we will see a further decline in price.
Moreover, due to the excellent energy-saving performance of modern wood structure buildings, the savings in energy costs can be recouped many years earlier than in other forms of construction.

Performance and durability of wood: how long can houses built with wood structure be used? Please explain the problems in fire prevention and earthquake resistance?

The service life of wood structure is shown in Part 8 below. Because of its flexibility in design, modern wood structure buildings have proved to be the safest and healthiest choice in the worst environment in the world. Its adiabatic efficiency makes it the best choice for housing in the Arctic and tropical regions. Its structural integrity makes it the safest structure in windy areas and seismic zones. After the earthquake in Kobe, Japan, thousands of people died and most areas of the city was flattened, but the wooden structure was basically not damaged. During the typhoon in Hainan last year, more than 5000 houses were damaged, but the modern wooden structure was not affected.


What technology is used in fire safety?

After many years of research, North America has mastered the methods of design, and the method of using building technology and building materials. In North America, more than 90% of houses are built with wood structure, and we have the least casualties caused by fire in the world.
How does pure wood structure house realize energy-saving efficiency ? (Air conditioning, lighting and water)

Wood is a natural thermal insulation material. Using modern technology and materials in design, we can build energy-saving buildings in any weather. Concrete buildings are hot in summer and cold in winter. Wood structure is the opposite, because it can keep comfortable and healthy environment indoors.
Wood has little impact on the environment in the process of production, processing and recycling. It's the only renewable building material.


I'm thinking about using wood for roof modification. What's the benefit of doing so?

There are many such projects in China, and even if many villas, multi-unit buildings and commercial buildings have been completed, there are still many projects under construction. This industry is growing fast.


Do you have statistics on the performance and durability of wood structure villa?

Wood structure that is correctly designed, built and maintained can be used for a long time, there are many examples of buildings that have been used for hundreds of years. They are often demolished in advance due to demolition or change of building type. After demolition, most of the building materials can be easily recycled and applied to other buildings, or are used to make furniture.

I: Fire Resistance of Wooden House
For all buildings, fire is a threat whether it is concrete structure, steel structure or wood structure. Usually things in the buildings such as carpets, curtains and furniture burn first, that is to say, compared with the composition of the building structure, the fire safety hazard depends more on the living habits of the residents.

According to the building standards of most countries, fire-retardant building materials should be used in residential buildings to prevent fire, smoke and heat from moving from one unit of the wall and ground to another in a period of time. At the same time, it is also required to ensure that the integrity of the building structure is maintained

The traditional wood frame, wood truss and I-shape wood keel are used for the wall, floor and roof of the wood structure. When it is designed, its fire resistance and flame resistance are up to 2 hours. It conforms to the fire safety level of non-combustible building materials.

In the fire, steel bars weaken in strength and collapse rapidly, while the fire resistance of heavy wood is much stronger than that of steel bars. In many ways, the fire resistance of large wood is equivalent to that of reinforced concrete. The heat transfer capacity of wood is 400 times smaller than that of steel bars and 8.5 times smaller than that of concrete.

IIWood Energy Efficiency
Sum up the specific energy consumption of each design in the past 20 years, and then compare all these results with the energy consumption of wood structure, showing the designs of steel structure and concrete structure:
• consume 12% and 20% more energy than wood structure;
• release 15% and 29% more greenhouse gases than wood structure;
produce 10% and 12% more polluted air than wood structure;
discharge 3 times and 2.25 times more sewage than wood structure;
~Sum up the specific energy consumption of each design in the past 20 years, and then compare all these results with the energy consumption of wood structure, showing the designs of steel structure and concrete structure:
• consume 12% and 20% more energy than wood structure;
• release 15% and 29% more greenhouse gases than wood structure;
produce 10% and 12% more polluted air than wood structure;
discharge 3 times and 2.25 times more sewage than wood structure;
• In terms of resource utilization, 7% and 50% more resources are used than wood structure respectively, and the solid waste generated is 6% and 16% more than wood structure respectively.
IIIAnti-seismic Performance
Recent earthquake studies all over the world indicate that the anti-seismic capacity of modern wood structure buildings is better than that of any form of buildings. Wood structure houses provide the most basic anti-seismic elements. The past seismic experience has all been used in the improvement and practice of anti-seismic materials.

In case of earthquake, some factors that can enhance the safety of wood structure buildings include:

  • When sudden load occurs or earthquake comes, the connection of many nails allows wood structure buildings to bend to absorb and dissipate energy.
  • For high strength to weight ratio, wood structure building is lighter, which is a big advantage in earthquake.
  • hundreds of structural components connecting to thousands of nails make it possible to be supplemented by adjacent components and connections in the event of a load path failure, and
    there are also side anti-seismic factors through non-structural components such as interior finishes, partitions and various types of exterior cladding.

In the low-rise building, no building material can resist the earthquake load more than wood structure, thus providing greater safety and higher reliability.
Wood frame structure can meet the needs of wall jointing, connection and anchorage. Large wood frame buildings can achieve the purpose of seismic resistance through effective engineering.

 In North America, through the investigation of the site and the study of the influence of the earthquake on the wooden building, the design standard of the wood structure is also being updated. Countries (and regions) with high-frequency earthquake risk, including Taiwan, Japan, China and Turkey, are developing and improving building standards to allow for the construction of more wood structure buildings.

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Many factors make the building performance of wood frame structure perform well in the earthquake destructive force, which also makes this kind of buildings be able to resist the side load caused by hurricanes, tornadoes and typhoons.

Flexibility and Diversity of Wooden Houses
Flexibility in Construction

Because the wood frame structure building has a mature performance history, and is easy to be used, ready-made and economic,  the builders like it.  In most climates of the four seasons of the year, it is suitable for construction of wooden houses. Workers with different skills can quickly learn and apply wood construction technology.

Wood is lighter than other building materials, such as blocks, concrete or steel bars, so wood is easy to be transported. It can be sawed into the required size on site, meanwhile reducing the number of workers and lifting equipment on site.

The flexibility of wood makes it the first choice for building materials and simple decoration materials. Wooden structure buildings can be redesigned to adapt to changing needs, such as whether to add a new room or remove a window or a door. For concrete buildings, it is impossible to make such a change in essence after the wall is poured with concrete, or when the required time-consuming and expensive building materials are not on site.


Diversity in Design

Compared with other building materials, wood shows its natural beauty, contributes its warmth and increases its market value. Whether used indoors or outdoors, its color and texture show its warmth and elegance. In many cultures, wood is regarded as the symbol of wealth, social status and glorious identity of the owner in family construction and exquisite decoration.

There are many ways to use wood, which can stand the experience and toughening of art. For a long time, skilled craftsmen loved wood and expressed their technique and characteristics in construction and decoration to their hearts' content. Designers and artists used it to express their creative ideas in order to achieve a wonderful effect excelling nature.

The flexibility of wood structure building reduces its cost, which is usually related to the connection and edge angle of wood. Interesting angle design can be built in wood structure on standard rectangular frame without spending a lot of money

Engineered wood products expand the use of wood in commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings. The long span clear span of glued wood, I-shaped keel and single-layer plate pressing material has the advantages of high efficiency and environmental protection. Glued wood is often used as eye-catching building art materials and building structural materials. Whether its being made bent or straight, there are almost no restrictions on processing of it, which demonstrates the freedom of its art without sacrificing the structural requirements.


Healthy Buildings

As a kind of material, wood not only shows the potential of its architectural art, but also makes the building a healthy and warm place for home, work, study and sports.

Because of the warmth and natural properties of wood, it can make people create positive emotions. There is evidence showing that it can make people produce an overall feeling of health and happiness and peacefulness. In the office, it can improve work performance and increase productivity. In the hospital, it has a positive effect on the recovery of patients.

Wood flooring creates better air quality due to the minimally possible accumulation of dust and bacteria. The usual cleaning, mopping and vacuuming make the indoor occur no allergies. The engineered wood products used for exterior wall panels, beams and joists are made of glue and will not cause allergies.

The formaldehyde release of density board product for furniture and kitchenware is reduced by 80% - 90% from 1980 grade after its being improved. Adhesive is used in glued structural wood products, and the release of harmful gases is even lower.

Wood can adjust indoor air humidity to make the building more comfortable. During high humidity, it absorbs moisture; during drying, it releases moisture into the air. The study has found that in a traditional Canadian home, indoor wood board can reduce the highest air humidity to 10% - 25%. It reduces the need for air conditioning and ventilation and makes life more comfortable.

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